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今年重点学答题技巧和方法，下载区有b级和c级新增文章

同学：今年不一定额！出题的小子会变着花样折磨我们滴！建议卫生A把本级别的37篇都打印做一下小抄吧！卫生B37篇，卫生C36篇，已考过的文章可以不准备。起码完型拿到15分！

第十二篇 The Enemy Within Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy. Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous. An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it. As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately. Allergies run in families. Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma. Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens. We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive. A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future. The Enemy Within 1. Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. 参考译文：过敏在过去30年中，已经变得越来越普及。 2. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. 参考译文：目前，在我们生活的不同时期内，有1/3的人发生过过敏，其中半数为儿童。 3. In the UK,three million people suffer from asthma,and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy. 参考译文：在英国，有300万人受哮喘病的折磨，并有5%的儿童对食物过敏。 4. Allergy is a reaction that（它）occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. 参考译文：过敏指的是免疫系统对于通常无害的物质（如花粉、花生）所做出的奇怪且不必要的反应。 5. The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. 参考译文：免疫系统能够保护我们的身体免受外界的侵袭，这些物质包括病毒、细菌以及寄生虫。 6. To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. 参考译文：为了保护人体免受外界的侵袭，免疫系统会记忆这些危险的微生物，并在再次遭遇它们时对其进行攻击。 7. This work is done by antibodies. 参考译文：这一功能由抗体完成。 8. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous. 参考译文：过敏患者的免疫系统会对无害物质产生抗体，错误地认定这些物质是危险的。 9. An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen,milk or strawberries). 参考译文：过敏反应在患者首次接触过敏源（造成过敏反应的物质，如花粉、牛奶、草莓）时可能不会发生。 10. Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them.What has happened is that（不翻译）the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. 参考译文：有时，人们会在多年正常食用坚果后，突然变得对其过敏，其免疫系统在这一过程中认定该类物质为危险物质并针对其产生了免疫抗体。 11. This antibody then attaches itself to cells,which contain histamine. 参考译文：这种抗体将其自身与人体中含有组织胺的细胞相连接。 12. When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time,they attempt to destroy it. 参考译文：当再次遭遇这类过敏源时，这一抗体就会试图摧毁它。 13. As they do that,the surface of the cells is broken,and histamine is released. 参考译文：当抗体发挥功效时，与其连接的细胞的外表会破裂并释放出组胺。 14. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. 参考译文：组胺及其他化学物质使人体组织发炎。 15. This leads to the symptoms of allergy,such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. 参考译文：过敏症状就会发生，如浮肿、疱疹、打喷嚏、眼痛及呼吸急促。 16. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. 参考译文： 全身性过敏反应是最严重的过敏性反应，其通常由黄蜂或蜜蜂叮咬或食用花生所致。 17. This must be treated immediately. 参考译文：这类过敏反应必须立刻就医。 18. Allergies run in families. 参考译文：过敏症会在家庭成员中传播。 19. Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies,and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma. 参考译文：有些人天生能产生多种过敏抗体，因此他们更容易发生过敏或者过敏性失调，如花粉病及哮喘。 20. Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens. 参考译文：专家认为，会有越来越多的人出现过敏反应，因为我们生活方式的变化使我们暴露在越来越多的过敏源之中。 21. We eat more processed foods,with a wide range of additives and colourings;more and more people have central heating and double glazing,making our houses warmer and less draughty— an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. 参考译文：我们食用越来越多经过精加工的食物，这些食物添加了多种添加剂与色素；越来越多的人采用了集中供暖系统并使用双层玻璃，这使得我们的房子变得更加温暖且更加密闭，为尘螨提供了完美的繁育环境。 22. There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. 参考译文：过敏还可能与抗生素有关。 23. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health,but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. 参考译文：我们曾一度依靠自身的免疫系统与疾病抗争来保护我们的健康，但抗生素减少了免疫系统本该做的工作。 24. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. 参考译文：如今，专家们认为，免疫系统会把多余的能量用到一些无害物质上，如草莓。 25. In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive. 参考译文：换句话说， 我们的免疫系统变得过于敏感了。 26. A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. 参考译文：人们正在为寻找治疗过敏的方法展开大量研究。 27. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future. 参考译文：患者可以通过药物治疗来抑制症状，还可以通过各种检查来确定引起过敏反应的物质，这样他们就可以在将来避免与这类物质接触。

第十二篇 The Enemy Within Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy. Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous. An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it. As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately. Allergies run in families. Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma. Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens. We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive. A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future. The Enemy Within 1. Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. 参考译文：过敏在过去30年中，已经变得越来越普及。 2. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. 参考译文：目前，在我们生活的不同时期内，有1/3的人发生过过敏，其中半数为儿童。 3. In the UK,three million people suffer from asthma,and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy. 参考译文：在英国，有300万人受哮喘病的折磨，并有5%的儿童对食物过敏。 4. Allergy is a reaction that（它）occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. 参考译文：过敏指的是免疫系统对于通常无害的物质（如花粉、花生）所做出的奇怪且不必要的反应。 5. The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. 参考译文：免疫系统能够保护我们的身体免受外界的侵袭，这些物质包括病毒、细菌以及寄生虫。 6. To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. 参考译文：为了保护人体免受外界的侵袭，免疫系统会记忆这些危险的微生物，并在再次遭遇它们时对其进行攻击。 7. This work is done by antibodies. 参考译文：这一功能由抗体完成。 8. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous. 参考译文：过敏患者的免疫系统会对无害物质产生抗体，错误地认定这些物质是危险的。 9. An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen,milk or strawberries). 参考译文：过敏反应在患者首次接触过敏源（造成过敏反应的物质，如花粉、牛奶、草莓）时可能不会发生。 10. Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them.What has happened is that（不翻译）the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. 参考译文：有时，人们会在多年正常食用坚果后，突然变得对其过敏，其免疫系统在这一过程中认定该类物质为危险物质并针对其产生了免疫抗体。 11. This antibody then attaches itself to cells,which contain histamine. 参考译文：这种抗体将其自身与人体中含有组织胺的细胞相连接。 12. When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time,they attempt to destroy it. 参考译文：当再次遭遇这类过敏源时，这一抗体就会试图摧毁它。 13. As they do that,the surface of the cells is broken,and histamine is released. 参考译文：当抗体发挥功效时，与其连接的细胞的外表会破裂并释放出组胺。 14. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. 参考译文：组胺及其他化学物质使人体组织发炎。 15. This leads to the symptoms of allergy,such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. 参考译文：过敏症状就会发生，如浮肿、疱疹、打喷嚏、眼痛及呼吸急促。 16. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. 参考译文： 全身性过敏反应是最严重的过敏性反应，其通常由黄蜂或蜜蜂叮咬或食用花生所致。 17. This must be treated immediately. 参考译文：这类过敏反应必须立刻就医。 18. Allergies run in families. 参考译文：过敏症会在家庭成员中传播。 19. Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies,and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma. 参考译文：有些人天生能产生多种过敏抗体，因此他们更容易发生过敏或者过敏性失调，如花粉病及哮喘。 20. Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens. 参考译文：专家认为，会有越来越多的人出现过敏反应，因为我们生活方式的变化使我们暴露在越来越多的过敏源之中。 21. We eat more processed foods,with a wide range of additives and colourings;more and more people have central heating and double glazing,making our houses warmer and less draughty— an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. 参考译文：我们食用越来越多经过精加工的食物，这些食物添加了多种添加剂与色素；越来越多的人采用了集中供暖系统并使用双层玻璃，这使得我们的房子变得更加温暖且更加密闭，为尘螨提供了完美的繁育环境。 22. There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. 参考译文：过敏还可能与抗生素有关。 23. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health,but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. 参考译文：我们曾一度依靠自身的免疫系统与疾病抗争来保护我们的健康，但抗生素减少了免疫系统本该做的工作。 24. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. 参考译文：如今，专家们认为，免疫系统会把多余的能量用到一些无害物质上，如草莓。 25. In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive. 参考译文：换句话说， 我们的免疫系统变得过于敏感了。 26. A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. 参考译文：人们正在为寻找治疗过敏的方法展开大量研究。 27. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future. 参考译文：患者可以通过药物治疗来抑制症状，还可以通过各种检查来确定引起过敏反应的物质，这样他们就可以在将来避免与这类物质接触。

卫生A -概括大意　完成句子 　　 第十一篇Surgery Involving the Heart 　　1. The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator1) is a valuable addition to the modern operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done. There are several types of machines in use, all of which serve as2 a temporary substitute for3 the patient’s heart and lungs. 　　2. The machine siphons off4 the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of5 an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide6 is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also “defoamed” to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above. 　　3. Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves made of7 plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron or other synthetic material have also been successfully used. 　　4. Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves. However, research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipient’s antibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants. 　　 第十二篇 Ginseng Shows Benefit in Cancer Treatment 　 　　1. Flaxseed slowed the growth of prostate tumors in men, while ginseng helped relieve the fatigue that cancer patients often feel, US researchers reported on Saturday in two of the first scientifically rigorous looks at alternative medicine1. 　　2. The studies reflect doctors’ efforts to explore the risks and benefits of foods and supplements that are routinely taken by their patients with little scientific proof they help. 2 Americans spend between $ 36 billion and $47 billion a year on complementary and alternative therapies, according to the National Center for Health Statistics3. “Patients are taking these compounds but we need to know if they are doing any good or any harmt4” said Dr. Bruce Cheson of Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, who led a panel on alternative therapies at a meeting of the American Society of Clinica Oncology5. 　　3. In the flaxseed study, researchers at Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina and colleagues evaluated the seed’s role as a food supplement in 161 men who were scheduled to undergo surgery for prostate cancer. “The growth rate was decreased in the men who got flaxseed,”said Dr. Nancy Davidson, an oncologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore who is president-elect of ASCO. “I think this is fascinating.” Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lignins, a fiber found on the seed coat. “We were looking at flaxseed because of its unique nutrient profile,” said Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, a researcher in Duke’s School of Nursing, who led the study. 　　4. Half of the men in the study added 30 grams of flaxseed daily to their diets for about 30 days. Half of the flaxseed group also went on a low-fat diet. After the surgery, the researchers looked at the men’s tumor cells to see how quickly the cancer had multiplied. The cancer ceils in both the flaxseed groups grew about 30 to 40 percent slower than the control group6. 　　5. But Demark-Wahnefried is not ready to prescribe flaxseed. “It’s a healthy food. It has a lot of vitamins and a lot of fiber. But we can not definitively say at this point you should take flaxseed because it is protective against prostate cancer,” she said, adding that flaxseed now needed to be studied to see if it can prevent prostate cancer. 　　6. In the ginseng trial, Debra Barton of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and colleagues tested three different doses of the herb on patients with a variety of cancers who were expected to live at least six months. Twenty-five percent of patients taking a 1,000-rug dose and twenty-seven percent of patients taking a 2,000-mg dose said their fatigue symptoms were “moderately better” or “much better.” Only 10 percent of those taking a 750-mg dose reported an improvement, which was about the same as the placebo group. Patients in the trial took Wisconsin ginseng from a single crop that was tested for uniform potency. It was powdered and given in a capsule form. “I wouldn’t have predicted this, I have to admit,” Davidson said in an interview. “We might want to test this on a large scale7.” 　　7. The flaxseed study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the ginseng study was supported by US Public Health Service grants. 第十三篇：Ward off Travel Bugs 1　As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn2. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems. 2　You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria3, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to4 poisoning brought on5 by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria. 3　By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold.6 The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut. 4　In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However, if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over. 5　Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel7 can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses, allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract8, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral and anti-fungal agent. 6　Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules9 ward off motion sickness, but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing, you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure. 7　The greatest concern is “economy class syndrome”, the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol. 8　You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin10. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat. 9　Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor. 第十四篇：A Baby’s Growth 1　To describe a baby’s growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another” should really read，“one thing leads to an explosion.”1 The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world. 2　You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world. 3　If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell’s measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there.2He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother’s face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further.3His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.4 4　An early attachment to one object —a toy or a stuffed animal —is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby’s interests are going beyond himself.5 Most babies do not prefer one toy this early6, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a "lovely". A "lovely" will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and "talked to". These "lovelies" give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother.7 A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby’s extension of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a "lovey" is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility. • 第十五篇Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists 　　1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Frend simply declared it to be neurotic. 　　2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer. 　　3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the U. S. State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them. 　　4. Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between “slightly pessimistic” and “averagely pessimistic” — were enough to boost a person’s chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania. 　　5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation. 　　6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts; tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly. 　　7. There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same. 　　8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. “Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.” said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor. 　　9. German science journal “Bild der Wissenschaft”, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on “the right attitude” to having a tumor. 　　10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely. 　　11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of U. S. cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France. 　　12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh:420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold. 　　13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.

卫生A 完型填空 第十一篇: Migrant Workers(A级) 　　In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another, While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East, where increased oil incomes have enabled may countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the U.S.A. and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan. 　　In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them. 　　Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country. 　　One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive. 　　第十二篇： Dreams(A级) 　　Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our senses , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste． 　　One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never wake a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken. 　　From ancient times to the present day, people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books． 　　第十三篇： Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack (A级) 　　German researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection1 from sudden death from cardiac arrest. 　　In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker. 　　Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders the evaluation of ECG data more precise. 　　The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only take into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system2,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better. 　　第十四篇： Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores(A级) 　　Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital. 　　The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyses the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army. 　　The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test, and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen.” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.” 　　By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ. 　　“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case, physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.” 　　The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs. 　　第十五篇： Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years（A级） 　　A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47；in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74, women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk. 　　In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factors have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition. 　　Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing us from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leading to more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages. 　　The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.

卫生A补全短文 　第十一篇 Leukemia 　　Leukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow.___1___ 　　A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don’t work the way they’re supposed to. ___2___The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control1, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells — such as red blood cells (that carry oxygen in the blood to the body’s tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot) — are also crowded out2 by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up3. 　　Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs. 　　___3___Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better. 　　Some children with leukemia will also have to have radiation therapy, too. ___4___ 　　If the cancer isn’t getting better from using the usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then kid with leukemia will probably need more treatment —with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid’s bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood cells. So, doctors will then give a kid — or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working — normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. ___5___ 　　词汇： 　　leukemia 白血病 marrow 髓 innermost 最内的，最深处的 　　abnormal 反常的，变态的 infection 感染 multiply .增加，繁殖 　　platelet 血小板 clot (血等)凝结成块 bloodstream 血流 　　chemotherapy 化学疗法 catheter 导管 insert 插入，嵌入 　　invisible 看不见的，无形的 cancerous 生癌的;患癌症的 　　heavy-duty . 重型的;大剂量的 transplant 移植 　　注释： 　　1.out of control：失去控制;不受控制 　　2.are also crowded out：也被排挤出去 　　3.build up：逐渐积聚;集结 　　练习： 　　A. The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid’s upper chest. 　　B. Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases. 　　C. This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia. 　　D. Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood cells are first made. 　　E. They don’t protect the person from infections very well. 　　F. Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells. 答案与题解: 　　1.D前一句提到，白血病涉及血液和造血器官，如骨髓。接下来应首选阐释骨髓的句子。 　　2.E前一句讲，通常情况下，白细胞会对抗感染，但是白血病病人身上的白细胞却发挥不了其应当发挥的作用。这意味着它们不能很好地保护病人免受感染的侵袭。 　　3.A前一句涉及化学疗法，即抗癌药物的使用。接下来应首选表达如何使用化疗药物的句子。 　　4.F前一句讲到，有些患白血病的孩子也将接受放射治疗。接下来应选择能够说明放射治疗的句子。 　　5.C此段的主要意思是，接受大剂量化疗的白血病患者骨髓可能出现问题，不再正常发挥作用。这时，医生就要把一个正常人的骨髓组织移到他身上。这一医疗措施的名称及其作用应该是下一句话所表达的内容。 　　译文：白血病 　　白血病是儿童所得癌症中最普遍的一种病症，不过这种病仍然是很少的。白血病涉及血液和造血器官，如骨髓。骨髓是一些骨头中最内部的部分，并在那里产生红细胞。 　　患白血病的孩子会在骨髓中产生大量不正常的白细胞。通常情况下，白细胞会对抗感染，但白血病人身上的 白细胞却发挥不了其应有的作用，它们不能保护人体免受感染。骨髓中不正常的白细胞的繁殖无法控制，使得骨髓中难以形成足够的正常感染的白细胞。其他的血细胞，像红白细胞(将血液中的氧气运送到身体其他器官的细胞)、血小板(凝血功能的细胞)也被白血病产生的白细胞排挤出去。这些癌细胞还可能扩散到身体的其他部位，包括血液，并在那里继续繁殖积聚。 　　尽管白血病令儿童身受其苦，大大多数情况下还是可以治愈的，孩子们也会好起来的。几乎所有的白血病患者都要接受化疗，即采用抗癌药物。化疗药物通过导管进入病体，导管就是插在病人血管中的一根细管，有时插入孩子的胸上部。化疗能很快起效，抗癌药物通过血液到达骨髓并杀死癌细胞。警告经过几周的化疗，很多孩子都会感觉好一些。 　　有些患白血病的儿童还必须采用放射疗法。放疗采用肉眼看不见的高能光波(类似X光)来杀死癌细胞。 　　如果使用正常量度的放疗和化疗不能使病情好转的话，那么这个孩子可能需要接受更多的治疗，用更大剂量的放疗和化疗来治疗以最终杀死癌细胞。但是大剂量的化疗可能有害于白血病患儿骨髓中的正常细胞，使骨髓不能产生正常的血细胞。因此，医生会把正常人的骨髓组织一直到这个患儿或任何一个骨髓不能正常工作的人身上，这就是名叫骨髓移植的特殊疗法，它能帮助病人产生新的血细胞来战胜白血病而康复。 Men Smell of Cheese and Women of Onions Little girls may be made of sugar and all things nice, but their armpits smell of onions. ______（1） That's the conclusion of research in Switzerland that involved taking armpit sweat samples from 24 men and 25 women after he had spent time in a sauna or ridden an exercise bike for 15 minute. ______（2） "Men smell of cheese, and women of grapefruit or onion," says Christian Starkenmann of Firmenich, a company in Geneva that researches flavours and perfumes for food and cosmetics companies. The team found that the women's armpit sweat constrained relatively high levels of an odourless sulphur-containing compound-5 milligrams per milliliter of sweat versus 0.5 milligrams in men. When the researchers mixed this compound in the lab with bacteria commonly found in the armpit, the bugs turned it into a thiol - a previously discovered odour from armpits that is akin to onion. "The more sulphur precursor we added, the more intense was the malodour," says Starkenmann, whose team's results appear in Chemical Senses. ______（3） The men, meanwhile, had relatively high levels of an odourless fatty acid which turned into a cheesy odour when exposed to the same types of bacteria. The balance of oniony to cheesy precursors in women's sweat made it smell worse than men's as rated by independent smell assessors. ______（4） "We could make inhibitors that neutralise the precursors, or block the bacterial enzymes that do the conversion," says Starkenmann. Some researchers are sceptical that gender is the main deciding factor, arguing that the patterns found in Swiss volunteers might not apply to other populations with different diets and genetic background. ______（5） 【练习】 A. Bacterial enzymes turn the otherwise odourless precursor into the malodour. B. And while free of slug or snail odours, men's armpits pack a powerful cheesy whiff. C. Most cases of skin odor is associated with break down of the compounds found in sweat by bacteria that live on the skin. D. Nest; the team hope to develop new ingredients for deodorants that fight the smells. E. The researchers found marked differences in the sweat from men and women. F. "Other factors include what you eat. what you wash with, what you wear and what genes you inherit," says Tim Jacob of Cardiff University in the UK. 【答案与题解】 1. B 前一句讲女孩的腋下气味，后一句解释说这是一项研究成果，所以为了完整性，此处应该讲男性腋下的气味是怎么样的。所以，正确答案是选项B。 2. E 上一段结尾处介绍了这个研究的基本情况，本段又具体讲了一下试验结果，所以此处句首所填的句子应该起到承上启下的作用，并且是本段的中心句。只有选项E概括了本段的主要内容。 3. A 前一句提到加入越多的硫前体，恶臭味就越浓烈，由此可以推测出后面应该讲到恶臭味出现的原因。所以，正确答案是选项A。 4. D 根据本段第二句话可以判断出，这句应该讲研究团队接下来要怎么做。所以，正确答案是选项D。 5. F 本段第一句话在讲其他研究者怀疑有其他因素的影响，可以推测本句会进一步阐释其他因素。所以，正确答案是选项F。 • +第十二篇 The Enemy Within Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy. Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. ____1____ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous. An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. ____2____ As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately. ____3____ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma. ____4____ We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. ____5____ A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future. 词汇： allergy n. 过敏，过敏症 sufferer n. 患者，受害者 asthma n. 哮喘 substance n. 物质 pollen n. 花粉 micro-organism n. 微生物 antibodies n. antibody的复数形式，意为抗体 allergen n. 过敏源 nut n. 坚果 histamine n. 组织胺，组胺 tissue n. 人体组织 symptom n. 病症，征兆 rash n. 疱疹 sneezing n. 打喷嚏 breathlessness n. 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁 anaphylaxis n. 全身性过敏反应，过敏反应 wasp n. 黄蜂 sting n. 蟄，咬 hayfever n. 枯草热，花粉病 additives n. 添加剂，食品添加剂 cure n. 治疗，解药 注释： 1．suffer from...忍受^的折磨 2．be devoted to sth. ...全身心投入于^ 练习： A　The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. B　In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive. C　Allergies run in families. D　International differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population have allergy. E　When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it. F　Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens. 答案与题解： 1．A　该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍，而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话，即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动，该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。 2．E　本题做题线索有两点，首先是上下文，本段前几句都是对抗体的描述与介绍，故与选项E主题相符，同时第二个做题点为逻辑顺序词，本段的第一句话中提到了An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而该选项中又有了the next time，这两个逻辑顺序词也构成了解题线索。 3．C　该选项在文章的第四段，讲的是过敏反应在特殊人群中的反应，选项C的意思为“过敏反应是具有遗传性的”，与该段后一句some people are born with the ability...相对应。 4．F　文章第五段主要讲的是能导致过敏反应的两个例子，缺少中心句，而选项C恰好能对这两个例子进行概括说明，故答案为选项C。 5．B　该选项为概括总结项，是对前文说的内容进行总结，该段的前面部分提及的是抗生素与过敏反应之间的关系，即其对于人体免疫系统的影响，而该选项则是一个结果性的描述，即免疫系统变得过于敏感了，其可对前文中抗生素的作用进行总结说明。 第十三篇 　What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? 　　When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. ____1____ Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose can’t be used by the body on its own—it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body. 　　Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, it’s because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. ____2____ 　　You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents’ age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes. ____3____ 　　When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It won’t ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older. 　　Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. ____4____ Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes, something else outside the person’s body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. 　　But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with — this means you can’t get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isn’t caused by eating too many sugary foods, either. Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person’s body — sometimes months or years. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. ____5____ 　　词汇： 　　viral 病毒(性)的;病毒引起的 infection 感染 　　sugary 糖的;含糖的;甜的;太甜的 contagious 触染的;传染的 　　insulin 胰岛素 diabetes 糖尿病 glucose 葡萄糖 　　hormone 激素，荷尔蒙 pancreas 膜(腺) 　　onset 开始 juvenile 少年的 　　注释： 　　1.insulin-dependent diabetes：胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 　　2.on its own：独立地，靠自己的力量 　　3.non-insulin-dependent diabetes：非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 　　4.adult-onset diabetes：成人型糖尿病 　　5.juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes：少年型(胰岛素依赖型)糖尿病 　　6.to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin：通过对胰腺中生成胰岛素的细胞的影响而导致糖尿病的发作 　　练习： 　　A　Genes are something that you inherit from your parents, and they are in your body even before you’re born. 　　B　This sugar-fuel is called glucose. 　　C　It may be possible to beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes. 　　D　You can’t catch diabetes from people who have it, no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them. 　　E　The glucose can’t get into the cells of the body without insulin. 　　F　When a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the person’s body needs more than the pancreas can make. • 答案与题解： 　　1.B　文章第一句讲，人进食后，身体便会从食物中获得糖并将其转化成燃料。接下来应首选对这种糖燃料加以解释的句子。 　　2.E　前两句讲到，患胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的病人，其胰腺不能生成胰岛素，因此，尽管某人进食大量食物并获取所需的全部葡萄糖，但没有胰岛素，身体就无法利用这些葡萄糖获取能量。也就是说，没有胰岛素，葡萄糖就不能进入身体的细胞内。 　　3.F　此段的前几句主要讲非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，并指出它不同于胰岛素依赖型糖尿病。二者之间的主要区别是什么呢?回答这个问题的句子应当首选。 　　4.A　前一句讲，科学家们现在认为，患少年型糖尿病的人出生时就具有某个或者某些使其易患此病的基因。基因是什么呢?回答这问题的句子当然应该首选A。 　　5.D　前一句说明了糖尿病不具有触染性，接下来应当是对该句加以阐释的句子。 　　译文：什么是胰岛素依赖型糖尿病? 　　你在吃东西时，你的身体会从食物中获得糖并将其转化成燃料。这种糖燃料就是葡萄糖。你的身体通过葡糖糖产生能量，这使你能够做从呼吸道打电子游戏的任何事情，但葡糖糖不能直接被身体利用——它需要通过一种叫胰岛素的荷尔蒙来将其运送到身体的细胞中。 　　大多数人通过胃旁边的一个大型器官——胰中获得所需的胰岛素。胰腺生成胰岛素;胰岛素把葡糖糖运送至细胞后肌体获得其所需能量。胰岛素依赖型糖尿病人的胰腺不能生成胰岛素，因此，尽管他大量进食并获取所需的全部葡糖糖，但没有胰岛素，身体就无法利用这些葡糖糖获取能量。没有胰岛素，葡糖糖就不能进入身体的细胞内。 　　你可以听到过老人谈论糖尿病，可能有些老人与你的祖父母年龄相仿。一般说来，这是一种不同类型的糖尿病，叫作非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，也叫Ⅱ型糖尿病或成人型糖尿病。患这种糖尿病的人，其胰腺仍能生成胰岛素，但它满足不了身体对胰岛素的需求量。 　　当一个孩子被诊断为少年型(胰岛素依赖型)糖尿病时，他将终生都患该种糖尿病，而且不会随着年龄增长而变成非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病。 　　科学家们现在认为患青少年型糖尿病的人出生时就具有某个或某些使其易患此病的基因。基因是从父母那里遗传得来的，它在人出生前就存在于其体内。许多科学家还认为，除了有某种基因外，一些人体外部的原因，比如病毒感染，通过对胰腺中生成胰岛素的细胞施加影响，也是导致糖尿病发作的必要因素。 　　但人们必须首先具有导致糖尿病发作的基因，这就是说你不会因为得流感、感染病毒或是因着凉得上糖尿病。而且，这种类型的糖尿病也不是因为吃甜食过多。人得上糖尿病需要比较长的时间，有时要几个月或几年。另外很重要的一点是糖尿病不具有触染性，不管你坐得与糖尿病患者多斤或是与他们亲吻，都不会从他们身上传染到糖尿病。 第十四篇：A Memory Drug? 　　IT'S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a 　　memory- enhancing drug. 1 Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal. 1 　　Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier finding,, linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. 2 　　Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and　improved performance on several different memory tasks -- learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects, and recalling a fear-inducing shock. 　　If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people- and that remains to be seen -- they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. 3 As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don't have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school -- and as a result handicapped later in life? 　　4 Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory, such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers' names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities? 　　Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can't. The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can't forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? 5 注释： 　　1.As scientists learn more about memory，we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.随着科学家们对记忆了解增多，我们正接近这一诱人的目标。 　　2.LTP&NMDA：(Lon9—term Potentiation)给突触前纤维一个短暂的高频刺激后，突触传递效率和强度增加几倍且能持续数小时至几天保持这种增强的现象。LTP发现海马LTP可能是学习记忆的分子基础。l973年Bliss及其合作者，电刺激麻醉兔的内嗅皮层，使海马表层的穿通纤维兴奋，可在齿状回记录到场电位。先用高频电刺激几秒钟后，再用单个电刺激，记录到的部分场电位幅度大大超过原先记录的对照值,并可持续几小时，几天。这一现象称为长时程增强效应(LTP)。1983年发现NMDA(N一甲基一D一门冬氨酸)受体通道复合体在LTP过程中起重要作用，进一步深化了对LTP在大脑学习记忆中作用的理解。 　　3.a spatial layout：空间布局 　　4.Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but Can’t：增强记忆药对我们想忘记却又不能的令人烦扰的记忆变得令人易于接受。 　　take the sting out of：使……易于被接受;使……令人感到愉快 　　5.But could they also interfere with an individual’S ability to assimilate and come to terms with a 　　difficult experience?中的come to terms with：让步;屈服 　　A Like steroids for bulking up the muscles,these drugs would bulk up me.mory. 　　B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease. 　　C What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace? 　　D We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future. 　　E There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything. 　　F The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an important role in　long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP. 　答案与题解： 　　1.B依据上一句的“很难想象一种提高人们记忆力的药会受到人们吹捧”;下面应该对这一现象做出解释，即这种药物有什么疗效;而后一句的Furthermore这一指示词起到了递进的作用，进一步说明这种药物的益处。More than：非常，极其，十分 　　2.F前一句的关键词是gene、LTP和mice，它讲的是有些令人兴奋的证据是从研究中得出的;该研究基于早期连接LTP和记忆的发现，该结果确定了提高老鼠记忆的基因;而后一句进一步阐述这一发现，开头的mice可以是一个连接词。 　　3.A前一句讲：如果这种结果用于人类的话，人们就有可能把提高人的记忆力用于临床。这一句讲：就像类固醇用于提高人的肌肉能力，这种药物也可以提高人的记忆力。 　　4.C一般情况下，每一段的第一句都是本段的主题句。而该句是一个问句：这种提高记忆力的药物用于职场有什么潜在的启示呢?紧接着本段其余几句都提出关于这种药物是否会职场的提升有什么影响的问题。 5.D本句是全文的最后一句。应该是总结性的。鉴于前面都列举了这种提高记忆力的药所面临的一系列问题，所以，我们在不久的将来要面临这些问题。 译文：记忆药物? 　　很难想象还有比能增强记忆力的药物更受人们欢迎的东西了。增强记忆的药物能让人消除因变老和疾病造成的遗忘。而且这种药物能够帮助人们更加清晰地记起过去的经历，更容易地在学习和工作中获取新信息。随着科学家对记忆了解增多，我们正在接近这一诱人的目标。 　　一些最激动人心的证据来自于一项研究，这项研究是基于早期通过将LTP 和记忆连接起来识别老鼠中能提升记忆力的基因所得到的发现。这种基因能够制造一种辅助NMDA 受体的蛋白质，这个受体通过帮助启动LTP而在长期记忆中起到重要作用。被喂养这种基因复制品的老鼠的NMDA受体表现得更活跃，具有更多的LTP，在许多不同的记忆实践中有更好的表现——学习空间布置，辨认熟悉物品，回忆起引起惊吓的冲击。 　　如果这些有关记忆基因、LTP 的基本认识和记忆的突触原理能够转用到人身上去——那还有待观察——那么它们就为增强记忆的治疗铺平道路。就像类固醇可以强壮肌肉，这些药物可以增强记忆。尽管听起来令人激动，它们也会引起令人苦恼的问题。考虑一下增强记忆的药物潜在的教育影响，如果记忆增强剂能够实现，使用它们的孩子就有可能获取并记住大量的信息，在学校里就比不用药物要进步更快。大脑对这些汹涌而来的信息能处理得多好?无法得到最新记忆增强剂的孩子该怎么办?他们在学校中就会落在后面，以后的人生就有残缺吗? 　　增强记忆的药物在职场潜在的影响又是什么?想象一下你正申请一个需要记忆力好的工作，比如一家科技公司的经理或需要记住顾客名字以及不同产品和服务特征的销售岗位。你会服用增强记忆的药物来增加你得到职位的概率吗?服用这种药物感到不舒服的人会失去获利颇丰的工作机会吗? 　　记忆药物使我们想忘记却又不能忘记的令人烦扰的记忆变得令人易于接受。2004年的卖座电影《美丽心灵的永恒阳光》讲述的是一个年轻人找寻能够摆脱爱情破裂的痛苦记忆方法的故事。正如你会在后面的情节中看到有关坚持不懈的那部分，从情感上唤起的事件经常能够形成令人烦恼的记忆，并且研究者已经用阻挡主要荷尔蒙活动的药物消除了情感的记忆。应该给那些必须直面恐怖的事故现场并且被相关记忆烦扰的急救人员提供这类药物吗?应该给那些不能忘记创伤的被强奸的受害者服用这些药物吗?记忆药物可能会给这些人带来一丝慰藉，但它们也会干扰一个人吸收消化的能力，以及对困境妥协让步的能力吗?在不久的将来，我们可能会发现自己在与这类问题做斗争。 • 第十五篇　Uncooperative Patients Need Psychological Therapy 　　By refusing to take essential medication after a kidney transplant, a 49-year-old woman drives her doctors and nurses to distraction—to no avail, because the organ has in the end to be removed____(1)_____ Patients refusing to cooperate with medical professionals cause damage not only to themselves but also impose substantial costs on the community. The pharmaceutical company Glaxo Welcome estimates the costs to the German taxpayers of this kind of negative behaviour at around five billion dollars a year. 　　A recent conference of medical professionals, health insurers, the pharmaceutical industry and patient representatives revealed a wide range of factors behind non-compliance. Not all defiant behaviour in a patient can be characterized as non-compliance. Greater stress should be placed on psychology during medical training, delegates said.____(2)_____ Psychologist Sibylle Storkebaum told of an eight-year-old boy who ran amok in a hospital before undergoing a heart transplant, threatening to rip out his drip tubes.____(3)_____“Doctors and nurses failed to see that they had downgraded a boy already conscious of his own responsibilities into a small child,” Storkebaum said, explaining that the boy merely wanted to be taken seriously and to be involved in his own treatment. “Once this was acknowledged, the anger attacks subsided.____(4)_____” Jan-Torsten Tews of Glaxo Welcome highlighted the problem of excessive medication, with patients having to take a wide range of medicines at short intervals. Educating patients and self-management were the key to treating patients with chronic conditions, he said. 　　Health insurers also expressed interests in better cooperation between doctor and patient. “The fact that non-compliance exists is a result of patient dissatisfaction with their treatment,” Walter Bockemuehl, a senior executive in the statutory medical insurance scheme. said. According to one study, half of all patients did not want medication, but had drugs prescribed nevertheless.____(5)_____ 　　词汇： 　　medication 药物治疗，药剂 kidney 肾 transplant 移植 　　distraciton 心烦意乱 avail 用处 non-compliance 不顺从，固执 　　professional 专业人员 impose把……强加给…… 　　pharmaceutical 制药的，药学的 characterize表示……的性格特征 　　insurer 承保人，保险公司 defiant 反抗的，无礼的 　　therapy 治疗，疗法 insecure 缺乏安全感的 　　amok 狂怒的，狂暴的 fit 发作 rage 盛怒，狂怒 　　assert 主张，坚持，维护 downgrade 贬低，小看 　　noticeably 明显地 highlight 使显著，强调，把注意力集中于…… 　　dissatisfaction 不满意 statutory 法定的额 　　注释： 　　1.to no avail：徒劳无功 　　2.be characterized：被描绘成…… 　　3.run amok：变得勃然大怒。run在这里是系动词，有“变”的意思。 　　4.to rip out his drop tubes：把他的点滴管扯下 rip out 扯掉，扯出 　　drip：水滴，点滴 　　练习： 　　A. However, there are still some medical professionals who don't believe in psychological therapy. 　　B. He became noticeably quieter and turned into a good patient. 　　C. “In these cases we should not be surprised if the advice is ignored,” he said. 　　D. This case of medical non-compliance is not an isolated example. 　　E. There was evidence that psychological therapy for insecure patients could improve cooperation between doctors and patients, they added. 　　F. His fits of rage were subsequently seen as an attempt to assert his rights as a patient. 　　答案与题解： 　　1.D 空白处的前一句举了一位46岁妇女在肾移植手术以后拒服必要的药物的例子。空白处的后一句说拒绝与医务人员合作的病人会给自己、给社会带来什么害处。我们必须注意到后一句的病人是泛指的，当然应该包括这位49岁的妇女在内，因此将D(像这样不合作的事情并非仅此一例)填入空白处可以将上下文更完美地连接起来。 　　2.E 空白处的前一句说道应该更多地强调心理学在药物治疗中的作用。E说有证据表明，对缺乏安全感的病人进行心理治疗可增加医患之间的合作。前后两句话是连贯的，而且they added 还在一定程度上起到了提示作用，故E为最佳选项。 　　3.F 空白处的前一句讲了一个小男孩在做心脏移植手术前脾气非常暴躁的故事。空白处的后偶棉几句叙述了如何解决这个小男孩的心理障碍问题，F说“后来这种愤怒被人物是他要正确作为一个病人的权利”，正好起着承上启下的作用。由于医务人员有这种认识才有后面的好结果。 　　4.B 空白处的前一句说“一旦他的想法被认可，他的怒气就消退了”，所以B项所说的“他明显地安静多了，并且变成了一个服从治疗的好病人”是自然而然的结果。 　　5.C 空白处的前一句说“根据一项调查，有一半的病人并不想吃药，但仍然开了很多药”，C说“在这种情况下医嘱被置之脑后也就不足为怪了”，这种连接是顺理成章的。 　　译文：不合作病人需要心理治疗 　　一位49岁的妇女在肾移植手术后拒服必要的药物，这令医务人员非常头疼，因为他们的手术会变得徒劳无功，最后移植的器官还是要被切除。像这种不合作的事情并非一例。病人拒绝与医务人员合作不仅给自己带来危害，也给社会强加了很多成本负担。据Glaxo Welcome药业公司估计，这种消极行为每年给德国纳税人带来50亿美元左右的损失。 　　最近的一个由医学专业人士、保险公司、制药公司和病人代表参加的大会揭示了这种不合作的多种原因。并非所有的病人的反抗行为的都可以解释为不合作。代表们说应该更多地强调药物治疗中心理学的额作用。他们还补充说，有证据表明，对缺乏安全感的病人进行心理治疗可以改进医生和病人之间的合作。 　　心理学家Sibylle Storkebaum说，一个小男孩做心脏移植手术前脾气非常暴躁，并威胁说要拔掉他的点滴管。后来这种愤怒被认为是他要争取作为一个病人的权利。Storkebaum解释说：“医务人员没有注意到他们小看了这个小男孩，他已经意识到自己的权利。”这个男孩仅仅是想被认真对待，并参与到他自己的治疗中去，“一旦他的想法被认可，他的怒气也就消退了，他明显地安静多了，并变成了一个服从治疗的好病人”。Glaxo Welcome公司的Jan-Torsten Tews强调了在很短的间歇内，病人必须服大量药物而造成的药物过量问题。他说开到病人和病人的自我管理是治疗慢性疾病人的关键。 　　保险公司对医生与病人之间更好的合作也表示了兴趣。负责法定的医药保险规划的一位高级执行官Walter Bockemuehl说：“拒绝合作存在的原因是因为病人不满意自己的治疗结果。”一项调查表明，有一半的病人并不想吃药，当仍然开可很多药。“在这种情况下，医嘱被置之脑后也就不足奇了，”他说。